
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Poultry Disease Classification Using EfficientNetV2-L and MobileNetV2 Based on Fecal Images
Corresponding Author(s) : Rosida Vivin Nahari
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 11, No. 3, August 2026 (Article in Progress)
Abstract
Poultry diseases have a significant impact on livestock productivity; therefore, early detection is crucial to prevent infection spread. Deep learning approaches have recently shown promising results in improving disease classification accuracy. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models can identify poultry diseases through fecal images using automatic feature extraction. This study proposes poultry disease classification using two CNN architectures, EfficientNetV2-L and MobileNetV2. Each model was trained under three scenarios: baseline, class weights, and Focal Loss, using the Poultry Diseases Detection dataset from Kaggle consisting of four classes of chicken fecal images. The experimental results show that applying Focal Loss improves model performance compared to other scenarios. The EfficientNetV2-L model with Focal Loss achieved the highest accuracy of 99.51%, precision of 99.57%, recall of 99.51%, and F1-score of 99.52%. Meanwhile, MobileNetV2 performed reasonably well with faster training time. These findings indicate that combining Focal Loss with efficient CNN architectures enhances the classification of imbalanced datasets and has the potential to be implemented in real-time poultry disease detection systems
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- D. Grace, T. J. D. Knight-Jones, A. Melaku, R. Alders, and W. T. Jemberu, “The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa,” Foods, vol. 13, no. 3, Jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13030411
- D. Machuve, E. Nwankwo, N. Mduma, and J. Mbelwa, “Poultry diseases diagnostics models using deep learning,” Lyndon Estes, 2022.
- M. Li, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhang, and H. Zhu, “Medical image analysis using deep learning algorithms,” Front Public Health, vol. 11, Nov. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1273253
- Y. Zhang, J. M. Gorriz, and Z. Dong, “Deep learning in medical image analysis,” J Imaging, vol. 7, no. 4, p. NA, Apr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7040074
- X. Liu, L. Song, S. Liu, and Y. Zhang, “A review of deep-learning-based medical image segmentation methods,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 3, p. 29, Jan. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031224
- L. Dumortier, F. Guépin, M. L. Delignette-Muller, C. Boulocher, and T. Grenier, “Deep learning in veterinary medicine, an approach based on CNN to detect pulmonary abnormalities from lateral thoracic radiographs in cats,” Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 11418, Jul. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14993-2
- A. I. Pereira et al., “Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Imaging: An Overview,” Vet Sci, vol. 10, no. 5, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/vetsci10050320.
- X. Sun, G. Li, P. Qu, X. Xie, X. Pan, and W. Zhang, “Research on plant disease identification based on CNN,” Cognitive Robotics, vol. 2, Jul. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogr.2022.07.001
- M. Mahmood ur Rehman, J. Liu, A. Nijabat, M. Faheem, W. Wang, and S. Zhao, “Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks for Disease Detection in Vegetables: A Comprehensive Review,” Agronomy, vol. 14, no. 10, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102231
- R. W. Bello, R. O. Ogundokun, P. A. Owolawi, E. A. van Wyk, and C. Tu, “Application of Convolutional Neural Networks in Animal Husbandry: A Review,” Mathematics, vol. 13, no. 12, Jun. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13121906
- J. Liang, W. Cai, Z. Xu, G. Zhou, J. Li, and Z. Xiang, “A Fine-Grained Image Classification Approach for Dog Feces Using MC-SCMNet under Complex Backgrounds,” Animals, vol. 13, no. 10, May 2023. https://doi/org/10.3390/ani13101660
- A. Dhungana, X. Yang, B. Paneru, S. Dahal, G. Lu, and L. Chai, “An Integrated Deep Learning Approach for Poultry Disease Detection and Classification Based on Analysis of Chicken Manure Images,” AgriEngineering, vol. 7, no. 9, Aug. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090278
- I. Naseer, S. Akram, T. Masood, A. Jaffar, M. A. Khan, and A. Mosavi, “Performance Analysis of State-of-the-Art CNN Architectures for LUNA16,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 12, Jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124426
- N. Aziz, N. Minallah, J. Frnda, M. Sher, M. Zeeshan, and A. H. Durrani, “Precision meets generalization: Enhancing brain tumor classification via pretrained DenseNet with global average pooling and hyperparameter tuning,” PLoS One, vol. 19, no. 9, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307825
- F. Salim, F. Saeed, S. Basurra, S. N. Qasem, and T. Al-Hadhrami, “DenseNet-201 and Xception Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models for Fruit Recognition,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 14, Jul. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143132
- T. Hendrawati, A. A. Pravitasari, Nazamuddin, R. F. Hermawan, S. A. Subekti, and M. Yasyfi, “Real-time Emotion Recognition Using the MobileNetV2 Architecture,” Jurnal RESTI, vol. 9, no. 4, Jul. 2025. https://doi.org/10.29207/resti.v9i4.6158
- M. Tan and Q. V Le, “EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Training,” in Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 139, 2021, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.00298
- Q. Zhu, H. Zhuang, M. Zhao, S. Xu, and R. Meng, “A study on expression recognition based on improved mobilenetV2 network,” Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 8121, Apr. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58736-x
- M. Z. Degu and G. L. Simegn, “Smartphone based detection and classification of poultry diseases from chicken fecal images using deep learning techniques,” Smart Agricultural Technology, vol. 4, Aug. 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2023.100221
- A. Mustopa, A. Sasongko, H. Mahmud Nawawi, S. Khotimatul Wildah, and S. Agustiani, “Deteksi Penyakit Ayam berdasarkan Citra Feses dengan Model EfficientNetV2L Chicken Disease Detection based on Fases Image using EfficientNetV2L Model,” SISTEMASI: Jurnal Sistem Informasi, vol. 12, no. 3, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.32520/stmsi.v12i3.2807
- D. Dablain, K. N. Jacobson, C. Bellinger, M. Roberts, and N. V. Chawla, “Understanding CNN fragility when learning with imbalanced data,” Mach Learn, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 4785–4810, Apr. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-023-06326-9
- L. G. Divyanth, A. Marzougui, M. J. González-Bernal, R. J. McGee, D. Rubiales, and S. Sankaran, “Evaluation of Effective Class-Balancing Techniques for CNN-Based Assessment of Aphanomyces Root Rot Resistance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.),” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 19, Sep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197237
- J. Singh et al., “Batch-balanced focal loss: a hybrid solution to class imbalance in deep learning,” Journal of Medical Imaging, vol. 10, no. 5, Jun. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jmi.10.5.051809
- X. Liu, L. Wang, L. Ma, and C. Wang, “DRFL: Dynamic-Recall Focal Loss for Image Classification and Segmentation,” Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 1, Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2024.2411845
- J. H. Joloudari, A. Marefat, M. A. Nematollahi, S. S. Oyelere, and S. Hussain, “Effective Class-Imbalance Learning Based on SMOTE and Convolutional Neural Networks,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 6, Mar. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13064006
- M. Yeung, E. Sala, C. B. Schönlieb, and L. Rundo, “Unified Focal loss: Generalising Dice and cross entropy-based losses to handle class imbalanced medical image segmentation,” Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol. 95, Dec. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.102026
- K. Kannan and Plutoze, “Poultry Diseases Detection.” Accessed: Oct. 22, 2025. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kausthubkannan/poultry-diseases-detection
- M. Sivakumar, S. Parthasarathy, and T. Padmapriya, “Trade-off between training and testing ratio in machine learning for medical image processing,” PeerJ Comput Sci, vol. 10, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ-CS.2245
- M. M. Musthafa, M. T R, V. K. V, and S. Guluwadi, “Enhanced skin cancer diagnosis using optimized CNN architecture and checkpoints for automated dermatological lesion classification,” BMC Med Imaging, vol. 24, no. 201, Aug. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-024-01356-8
- H. Lee, Y. S. Park, S. Yang, H. Lee, T. J. Park, and D. Yeo, “A Deep Learning-Based Crop Disease Diagnosis Method Using Multimodal Mixup Augmentation,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 10, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104322
- T. Ekmekyapar and B. Taşcı, “Exemplar MobileNetV2-Based Artificial Intelligence for Robust and Accurate Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis,” Diagnostics, vol. 13, no. 19, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13193030
- X. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Han, M. Deveci, and M. Parmar, “A review of convolutional neural networks in computer vision,” Artif Intell Rev, vol. 57, no. 99, Mar. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10721-6
- Z. Tao, C. Xiaoyu, L. Huiling, Y. Xinyu, L. Yuncan, and Z. Xiaomin, “Pooling Operations in Deep Learning: From ‘Invariable’ to ‘Variable,’” Biomed Res Int, vol. 2022, no. 4067581, Jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4067581
- D. Machuve, E. Nwankwo, N. Mduma, and J. Mbelwa, “Poultry diseases diagnostics models using deep learning,” vol. 5, Aug. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.733345
References
D. Grace, T. J. D. Knight-Jones, A. Melaku, R. Alders, and W. T. Jemberu, “The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa,” Foods, vol. 13, no. 3, Jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13030411
D. Machuve, E. Nwankwo, N. Mduma, and J. Mbelwa, “Poultry diseases diagnostics models using deep learning,” Lyndon Estes, 2022.
M. Li, Y. Jiang, Y. Zhang, and H. Zhu, “Medical image analysis using deep learning algorithms,” Front Public Health, vol. 11, Nov. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1273253
Y. Zhang, J. M. Gorriz, and Z. Dong, “Deep learning in medical image analysis,” J Imaging, vol. 7, no. 4, p. NA, Apr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7040074
X. Liu, L. Song, S. Liu, and Y. Zhang, “A review of deep-learning-based medical image segmentation methods,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 3, p. 29, Jan. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031224
L. Dumortier, F. Guépin, M. L. Delignette-Muller, C. Boulocher, and T. Grenier, “Deep learning in veterinary medicine, an approach based on CNN to detect pulmonary abnormalities from lateral thoracic radiographs in cats,” Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 11418, Jul. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14993-2
A. I. Pereira et al., “Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Imaging: An Overview,” Vet Sci, vol. 10, no. 5, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/vetsci10050320.
X. Sun, G. Li, P. Qu, X. Xie, X. Pan, and W. Zhang, “Research on plant disease identification based on CNN,” Cognitive Robotics, vol. 2, Jul. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogr.2022.07.001
M. Mahmood ur Rehman, J. Liu, A. Nijabat, M. Faheem, W. Wang, and S. Zhao, “Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks for Disease Detection in Vegetables: A Comprehensive Review,” Agronomy, vol. 14, no. 10, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102231
R. W. Bello, R. O. Ogundokun, P. A. Owolawi, E. A. van Wyk, and C. Tu, “Application of Convolutional Neural Networks in Animal Husbandry: A Review,” Mathematics, vol. 13, no. 12, Jun. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13121906
J. Liang, W. Cai, Z. Xu, G. Zhou, J. Li, and Z. Xiang, “A Fine-Grained Image Classification Approach for Dog Feces Using MC-SCMNet under Complex Backgrounds,” Animals, vol. 13, no. 10, May 2023. https://doi/org/10.3390/ani13101660
A. Dhungana, X. Yang, B. Paneru, S. Dahal, G. Lu, and L. Chai, “An Integrated Deep Learning Approach for Poultry Disease Detection and Classification Based on Analysis of Chicken Manure Images,” AgriEngineering, vol. 7, no. 9, Aug. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090278
I. Naseer, S. Akram, T. Masood, A. Jaffar, M. A. Khan, and A. Mosavi, “Performance Analysis of State-of-the-Art CNN Architectures for LUNA16,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 12, Jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124426
N. Aziz, N. Minallah, J. Frnda, M. Sher, M. Zeeshan, and A. H. Durrani, “Precision meets generalization: Enhancing brain tumor classification via pretrained DenseNet with global average pooling and hyperparameter tuning,” PLoS One, vol. 19, no. 9, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307825
F. Salim, F. Saeed, S. Basurra, S. N. Qasem, and T. Al-Hadhrami, “DenseNet-201 and Xception Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models for Fruit Recognition,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 14, Jul. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143132
T. Hendrawati, A. A. Pravitasari, Nazamuddin, R. F. Hermawan, S. A. Subekti, and M. Yasyfi, “Real-time Emotion Recognition Using the MobileNetV2 Architecture,” Jurnal RESTI, vol. 9, no. 4, Jul. 2025. https://doi.org/10.29207/resti.v9i4.6158
M. Tan and Q. V Le, “EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Training,” in Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 139, 2021, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2104.00298
Q. Zhu, H. Zhuang, M. Zhao, S. Xu, and R. Meng, “A study on expression recognition based on improved mobilenetV2 network,” Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 8121, Apr. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58736-x
M. Z. Degu and G. L. Simegn, “Smartphone based detection and classification of poultry diseases from chicken fecal images using deep learning techniques,” Smart Agricultural Technology, vol. 4, Aug. 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2023.100221
A. Mustopa, A. Sasongko, H. Mahmud Nawawi, S. Khotimatul Wildah, and S. Agustiani, “Deteksi Penyakit Ayam berdasarkan Citra Feses dengan Model EfficientNetV2L Chicken Disease Detection based on Fases Image using EfficientNetV2L Model,” SISTEMASI: Jurnal Sistem Informasi, vol. 12, no. 3, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.32520/stmsi.v12i3.2807
D. Dablain, K. N. Jacobson, C. Bellinger, M. Roberts, and N. V. Chawla, “Understanding CNN fragility when learning with imbalanced data,” Mach Learn, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 4785–4810, Apr. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-023-06326-9
L. G. Divyanth, A. Marzougui, M. J. González-Bernal, R. J. McGee, D. Rubiales, and S. Sankaran, “Evaluation of Effective Class-Balancing Techniques for CNN-Based Assessment of Aphanomyces Root Rot Resistance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.),” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 19, Sep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197237
J. Singh et al., “Batch-balanced focal loss: a hybrid solution to class imbalance in deep learning,” Journal of Medical Imaging, vol. 10, no. 5, Jun. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jmi.10.5.051809
X. Liu, L. Wang, L. Ma, and C. Wang, “DRFL: Dynamic-Recall Focal Loss for Image Classification and Segmentation,” Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 1, Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2024.2411845
J. H. Joloudari, A. Marefat, M. A. Nematollahi, S. S. Oyelere, and S. Hussain, “Effective Class-Imbalance Learning Based on SMOTE and Convolutional Neural Networks,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 6, Mar. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13064006
M. Yeung, E. Sala, C. B. Schönlieb, and L. Rundo, “Unified Focal loss: Generalising Dice and cross entropy-based losses to handle class imbalanced medical image segmentation,” Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol. 95, Dec. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.102026
K. Kannan and Plutoze, “Poultry Diseases Detection.” Accessed: Oct. 22, 2025. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kausthubkannan/poultry-diseases-detection
M. Sivakumar, S. Parthasarathy, and T. Padmapriya, “Trade-off between training and testing ratio in machine learning for medical image processing,” PeerJ Comput Sci, vol. 10, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ-CS.2245
M. M. Musthafa, M. T R, V. K. V, and S. Guluwadi, “Enhanced skin cancer diagnosis using optimized CNN architecture and checkpoints for automated dermatological lesion classification,” BMC Med Imaging, vol. 24, no. 201, Aug. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-024-01356-8
H. Lee, Y. S. Park, S. Yang, H. Lee, T. J. Park, and D. Yeo, “A Deep Learning-Based Crop Disease Diagnosis Method Using Multimodal Mixup Augmentation,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 10, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104322
T. Ekmekyapar and B. Taşcı, “Exemplar MobileNetV2-Based Artificial Intelligence for Robust and Accurate Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis,” Diagnostics, vol. 13, no. 19, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13193030
X. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Han, M. Deveci, and M. Parmar, “A review of convolutional neural networks in computer vision,” Artif Intell Rev, vol. 57, no. 99, Mar. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10721-6
Z. Tao, C. Xiaoyu, L. Huiling, Y. Xinyu, L. Yuncan, and Z. Xiaomin, “Pooling Operations in Deep Learning: From ‘Invariable’ to ‘Variable,’” Biomed Res Int, vol. 2022, no. 4067581, Jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4067581
D. Machuve, E. Nwankwo, N. Mduma, and J. Mbelwa, “Poultry diseases diagnostics models using deep learning,” vol. 5, Aug. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.733345