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Vol. 11, No. 2, May 2026

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An Adaptive Cross-Tied Interconnection for Shaded PV Arrays: A Mathematical Analysis for Efficiency Enhancement

https://doi.org/10.22219/kinetik.v11i2.2529
Efendi S Wirateruna
Universitas Islam Malang
Mohammad Jasa Afroni
Universitas Islam Malang
Wahyu Mulyo Utomo
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Mukhammad Zakky Syahrul Aziz
Universitas Islam Malang

Corresponding Author(s) : Efendi S Wirateruna

efendi.s.wirateruna@unisma.ac.id

Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, Vol. 11, No. 2, May 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the Adaptive Cross-Tied Interconnection (ACTI) configuration to improve the power output efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) arrays operating under partial shading conditions. The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical formulation that describes the behavior of ACTI compared to the conventional Series-Parallel (SP) configuration. Mathematical modeling is used to analyze the current distribution, voltage relationships, and the effect of shading patterns on the total output power. Simulations are performed using MATLAB/Simulink to verify the theoretical analysis results. This adaptive configuration dynamically adjusts the cross-tied interconnections based on the illumination intensity data, thereby balancing the current between shaded and non-shaded modules. The results show that ACTI successfully reduces current mismatch losses and increases output power without increasing circuit complexity. In a 3×3 PV array, the ACTI configuration yields a power increase of up to 48% compared to the SP configuration. In a 5×5 array, the efficiency increases ranges from 2% to 6%, depending on the shading pattern. The adaptive switching strategy maintains the current flow stability and produces a smoother power-voltage curve, enabling faster and more accurate tracking of the global maximum power point. These results demonstrate that ACTI provides an efficient, economical, and mathematically sound solution for improving the performance of PV systems under non-uniform irradiation conditions.

Keywords

PV farm Partial shading condition ACTI Technique Global Maximum Power Point Series-Parallel configuration
Wirateruna, E. S., Afroni, M. J. ., Utomo, W. M. ., & Aziz, M. Z. S. . (2026). An Adaptive Cross-Tied Interconnection for Shaded PV Arrays: A Mathematical Analysis for Efficiency Enhancement. Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, 11(2), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.22219/kinetik.v11i2.2529
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