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Mathematical Modeling of an Adaptive Lighting System Based on Solar Panels and Digital Communication for Microalgae Synthesis
Corresponding Author(s) : I Gde Nyoman Sangka
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2026
Abstract
Microalgae are promising photosynthetic microorganisms widely used in biofuel, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. Their cultivation efficiency is highly influenced by light intensity, temperature, and pH. This study presents a mathematical model of an adaptive lighting system powered by solar energy and controlled through digital communication for sustainable microalgae synthesis. The system dynamically regulates LED illumination using real-time environmental feedback from temperature and pH sensors integrated into an IoT network. The model combines first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe solar input, LED power consumption, environmental response, and communication delay. Numerical simulations performed in MATLAB show that the adaptive control algorithm maintains optimal illumination while minimizing unnecessary energy use. Compared to conventional static lighting, the proposed model achieves a 35% reduction in energy consumption and improved environmental stability despite communication latency. The study provides a foundational framework for developing intelligent, energy-efficient photobioreactor systems that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7 and SDG 13). Future work may extend the model toward real-time, predictive, and machine-learning-based control for field-scale implementation.
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- M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
- IGS. Widharma et al., “Engineering the Light Environment for Impact of Adaptive Illumination on Micro-algae Synthesis Efficiency,” ICAST-ES, Proceedings, 2025
- J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in 7th Int. Conf. on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
- H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
- W. Pipatsakulroj, V. Visoottiviseth, and R. Takano, “muMQ: A Lightweight and Scalable MQTT Broker,” in IEEE Int. Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/LANMAN.2017.7972165
- A. Zabasta et al., “MQTT Service Broker for Enabling the Interoperability of Smart City Systems,” in IEEE Energy and Sustainability for Small Developing Economies (ES2DE), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ES2DE.2018.8494341
- M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal., Vol. 5, No. 3, Pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
- J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in Seventh International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
- H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
- AAMD. Anggreni, IW. Arnata, and IB. Gunam, “Microalgae Isolation found in Kedonganan beach, Badung Bali, Indonesia,” IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913. 012067. 2021
- IP. Arthadi, IP, MD PP, and IGS. Widharma, “Paket Program Aplikasi: Analysis and Mapping,” Repository Politeknik Negeri Bali. 2017
- V. Bialevich, V. Zachleder, and K. Bišová, “The Effect of Variable Light Source and Light Intensity on the Growth of Three Algal Species,” Cells
- IGS. Widharma et al., “Effect of Heating Light on Lamps to the Behaviour of Tilapia Seedlings Sourced from Solar Panels,” Proceedings iCAST-ES 2021, pages 1305-1311.
- Jatmiko, Hasyim Asy’ari, and Mahir Purnama. “Pemanfaatan Sel Surya dan LED untuk Perumahan,” Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan. 2022.
- IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Analisis menentukan keandalan sistem distribusi dengan pemanfaatan aplikasi algoritma genetika berbasiskan pemrograman Matlab,” Jurnal Matrix, 2017.
- TH. Rochadiani et al., “Penerapan IoT untuk Pemantauan Kualitas Air Kolam Peternak Ikan di Kalipaten,” Prosiding PKM-CSR, 2022
- HB. Nurjaman and T. Purnama, “Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Sebagai Solusi Energi Terbarukan Rumah Tangga,” Jurnal Edukasi Elektro, 2022.
- IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Aplikasi Sistem Akuisisi Data Pada Sistem Fire Alarm Berbasis Sistem Mikrokontroller,” Logic. 2017.
- IN. Sunaya, IM. Sajayasa, IG. Suputra Widharma, “Analisis Posisi Recloser Terhadap Keandalan Kinerja Penyulang Sempidi Berbasiskan Software ETAP Powerstation,” Matrix. 2017.
- M. Supriadi, IN. Sunaya, IGS. Widharma, “Simulasi Pengendalian Kecepatan Putar Ceiling Fan Berbasis Arduino,” Jurnal Vastuwidya, 2019
- IGS. Widharma et al., “Integration of IoT and Digital Technologies in Adaptive Lighting Systems to Optimize Microalgae Synthesis,” AJNS. 2025
- Bello, O. M., & Zeadally, S. “Toward efficient smartification of the Internet of Things (IoT) services,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.09.083
- Jayaraman, P.P., et al., “Internet of Things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons learnt,” Sensors, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111884
- IGS. Widharma, AAMD. Anggreni, and IK. Sumadi, “Study on the implementation of the Internet of Things in the sustainable agricultural revolution from upstream to downstream. DTCS. 2024. https://doi.org/10.61126/dtcs.v2i2.48
- MS. Mekala & P. Viswanathan, “A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with cloud computing. International conference on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMDCS.2017.8211551
References
M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
IGS. Widharma et al., “Engineering the Light Environment for Impact of Adaptive Illumination on Micro-algae Synthesis Efficiency,” ICAST-ES, Proceedings, 2025
J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in 7th Int. Conf. on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
W. Pipatsakulroj, V. Visoottiviseth, and R. Takano, “muMQ: A Lightweight and Scalable MQTT Broker,” in IEEE Int. Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/LANMAN.2017.7972165
A. Zabasta et al., “MQTT Service Broker for Enabling the Interoperability of Smart City Systems,” in IEEE Energy and Sustainability for Small Developing Economies (ES2DE), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ES2DE.2018.8494341
M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal., Vol. 5, No. 3, Pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in Seventh International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
AAMD. Anggreni, IW. Arnata, and IB. Gunam, “Microalgae Isolation found in Kedonganan beach, Badung Bali, Indonesia,” IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913. 012067. 2021
IP. Arthadi, IP, MD PP, and IGS. Widharma, “Paket Program Aplikasi: Analysis and Mapping,” Repository Politeknik Negeri Bali. 2017
V. Bialevich, V. Zachleder, and K. Bišová, “The Effect of Variable Light Source and Light Intensity on the Growth of Three Algal Species,” Cells
IGS. Widharma et al., “Effect of Heating Light on Lamps to the Behaviour of Tilapia Seedlings Sourced from Solar Panels,” Proceedings iCAST-ES 2021, pages 1305-1311.
Jatmiko, Hasyim Asy’ari, and Mahir Purnama. “Pemanfaatan Sel Surya dan LED untuk Perumahan,” Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan. 2022.
IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Analisis menentukan keandalan sistem distribusi dengan pemanfaatan aplikasi algoritma genetika berbasiskan pemrograman Matlab,” Jurnal Matrix, 2017.
TH. Rochadiani et al., “Penerapan IoT untuk Pemantauan Kualitas Air Kolam Peternak Ikan di Kalipaten,” Prosiding PKM-CSR, 2022
HB. Nurjaman and T. Purnama, “Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Sebagai Solusi Energi Terbarukan Rumah Tangga,” Jurnal Edukasi Elektro, 2022.
IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Aplikasi Sistem Akuisisi Data Pada Sistem Fire Alarm Berbasis Sistem Mikrokontroller,” Logic. 2017.
IN. Sunaya, IM. Sajayasa, IG. Suputra Widharma, “Analisis Posisi Recloser Terhadap Keandalan Kinerja Penyulang Sempidi Berbasiskan Software ETAP Powerstation,” Matrix. 2017.
M. Supriadi, IN. Sunaya, IGS. Widharma, “Simulasi Pengendalian Kecepatan Putar Ceiling Fan Berbasis Arduino,” Jurnal Vastuwidya, 2019
IGS. Widharma et al., “Integration of IoT and Digital Technologies in Adaptive Lighting Systems to Optimize Microalgae Synthesis,” AJNS. 2025
Bello, O. M., & Zeadally, S. “Toward efficient smartification of the Internet of Things (IoT) services,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.09.083
Jayaraman, P.P., et al., “Internet of Things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons learnt,” Sensors, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111884
IGS. Widharma, AAMD. Anggreni, and IK. Sumadi, “Study on the implementation of the Internet of Things in the sustainable agricultural revolution from upstream to downstream. DTCS. 2024. https://doi.org/10.61126/dtcs.v2i2.48
MS. Mekala & P. Viswanathan, “A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with cloud computing. International conference on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMDCS.2017.8211551