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Mathematical modeling of adaptive lighting system based on solar panels and digital communication for microalgae synthesis
Corresponding Author(s) : I Gde Nyoman Sangka
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2026
Abstract
Microalgae are promising photosynthetic microorganisms with wide applications in biofuel production, environmental remediation, and pharmaceutical industries. Optimizing their synthesis process requires precise control of environmental parameters—especially light intensity, which is critical for effective photosynthesis. This study presents a mathematical model of an adaptive lighting system integrated with solar panels and Internet of Things (IoT) technology for microalgae cultivation in controlled environments. The system is designed to dynamically adjust LED illumination based on temperature and pH feedback, using a rule-based control logic.
The methodology includes system modeling using ordinary differential equations, algorithm development for environmental feedback control, and numerical simulation in MATLAB. The model comprises four major subsystems: solar energy input, PWM-based LED control, environmental sensing, and communication delay modeling via a first-order system. A battery energy balance model ensures the sustainability of energy usage over time.
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive lighting system effectively responds to dynamic environmental changes while maintaining energy efficiency. Compared to static lighting systems, the model shows a reduction in unnecessary power consumption, ensuring light intensity is delivered only when environmental parameters indicate suboptimal conditions. The inclusion of communication delay modeling further reflects realistic network behavior without degrading control performance.
This research contributes a foundational mathematical framework for future optimization and control of photobioreactor systems. The integration of adaptive lighting, renewable energy, and IoT provides a scalable approach for enhancing sustainability in microalgae synthesis.
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- M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
- IGS. Widharma et al., “Engineering the Light Environment for Impact of Adaptive Illumination on Micro-algae Synthesis Efficiency,” ICAST-ES, Proceedings, 2025
- J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in 7th Int. Conf. on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
- H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
- W. Pipatsakulroj, V. Visoottiviseth, and R. Takano, “muMQ: A Lightweight and Scalable MQTT Broker,” in IEEE Int. Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/LANMAN.2017.7972165
- A. Zabasta et al., “MQTT Service Broker for Enabling the Interoperability of Smart City Systems,” in IEEE Energy and Sustainability for Small Developing Economies (ES2DE), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ES2DE.2018.8494341
- M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal., Vol. 5, No. 3, Pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
- J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in Seventh International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
- H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
- AAMD. Anggreni, IW. Arnata, and IB. Gunam, “Microalgae Isolation found in Kedonganan beach, Badung Bali, Indonesia,” IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913. 012067. 2021
- IP. Arthadi, IP, MD PP, and IGS. Widharma, “Paket Program Aplikasi: Analysis and Mapping,” Repository Politeknik Negeri Bali. 2017
- V. Bialevich, V. Zachleder, and K. Bišová, “The Effect of Variable Light Source and Light Intensity on the Growth of Three Algal Species,” Cells
- IGS. Widharma et al., “Effect of Heating Light on Lamps to the Behaviour of Tilapia Seedlings Sourced from Solar Panels,” Proceedings iCAST-ES 2021, pages 1305-1311.
- Jatmiko, Hasyim Asy’ari, and Mahir Purnama. “Pemanfaatan Sel Surya dan LED untuk Perumahan,” Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan. 2022.
- IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Analisis menentukan keandalan sistem distribusi dengan pemanfaatan aplikasi algoritma genetika berbasiskan pemrograman Matlab,” Jurnal Matrix, 2017.
- TH. Rochadiani et al., “Penerapan IoT untuk Pemantauan Kualitas Air Kolam Peternak Ikan di Kalipaten,” Prosiding PKM-CSR, 2022
- HB. Nurjaman and T. Purnama, “Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Sebagai Solusi Energi Terbarukan Rumah Tangga,” Jurnal Edukasi Elektro, 2022.
- IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Aplikasi Sistem Akuisisi Data Pada Sistem Fire Alarm Berbasis Sistem Mikrokontroller,” Logic. 2017.
- IN. Sunaya, IM. Sajayasa, IG. Suputra Widharma, “Analisis Posisi Recloser Terhadap Keandalan Kinerja Penyulang Sempidi Berbasiskan Software ETAP Powerstation,” Matrix. 2017.
- M. Supriadi, IN. Sunaya, IGS. Widharma, “Simulasi Pengendalian Kecepatan Putar Ceiling Fan Berbasis Arduino,” Jurnal Vastuwidya, 2019
- IGS. Widharma et al., “Integration of IoT and Digital Technologies in Adaptive Lighting Systems to Optimize Microalgae Synthesis,” AJNS. 2025
- Bello, O. M., & Zeadally, S. “Toward efficient smartification of the Internet of Things (IoT) services,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.09.083
- Jayaraman, P.P., et al., “Internet of Things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons learnt,” Sensors, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111884
- IGS. Widharma, AAMD. Anggreni, and IK. Sumadi, “Study on the implementation of the Internet of Things in the sustainable agricultural revolution from upstream to downstream. DTCS. 2024. https://doi.org/10.61126/dtcs.v2i2.48
- MS. Mekala & P. Viswanathan, “A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with cloud computing. International conference on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMDCS.2017.8211551
References
M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
IGS. Widharma et al., “Engineering the Light Environment for Impact of Adaptive Illumination on Micro-algae Synthesis Efficiency,” ICAST-ES, Proceedings, 2025
J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in 7th Int. Conf. on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
W. Pipatsakulroj, V. Visoottiviseth, and R. Takano, “muMQ: A Lightweight and Scalable MQTT Broker,” in IEEE Int. Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks (LANMAN), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/LANMAN.2017.7972165
A. Zabasta et al., “MQTT Service Broker for Enabling the Interoperability of Smart City Systems,” in IEEE Energy and Sustainability for Small Developing Economies (ES2DE), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/ES2DE.2018.8494341
M. Chernyshev, Z. Baig, O. Bello, and S. Zeadally, “Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal., Vol. 5, No. 3, Pp. 1637–1647, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2786639
J. Rui and S. Danpeng, “Architecture Design of the Internet of Things based on Cloud Computing,” in Seventh International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, Pp. 206–209, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTMA.2015.57
H. C. Hwang, J. Park, and J. G. Shon, “Design and Implementation of a Reliable Message Transmission System Based on MQTT Protocol in IoT,” Wireless Pers Commun., Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3398-2
AAMD. Anggreni, IW. Arnata, and IB. Gunam, “Microalgae Isolation found in Kedonganan beach, Badung Bali, Indonesia,” IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913. 012067. 2021
IP. Arthadi, IP, MD PP, and IGS. Widharma, “Paket Program Aplikasi: Analysis and Mapping,” Repository Politeknik Negeri Bali. 2017
V. Bialevich, V. Zachleder, and K. Bišová, “The Effect of Variable Light Source and Light Intensity on the Growth of Three Algal Species,” Cells
IGS. Widharma et al., “Effect of Heating Light on Lamps to the Behaviour of Tilapia Seedlings Sourced from Solar Panels,” Proceedings iCAST-ES 2021, pages 1305-1311.
Jatmiko, Hasyim Asy’ari, and Mahir Purnama. “Pemanfaatan Sel Surya dan LED untuk Perumahan,” Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan. 2022.
IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Analisis menentukan keandalan sistem distribusi dengan pemanfaatan aplikasi algoritma genetika berbasiskan pemrograman Matlab,” Jurnal Matrix, 2017.
TH. Rochadiani et al., “Penerapan IoT untuk Pemantauan Kualitas Air Kolam Peternak Ikan di Kalipaten,” Prosiding PKM-CSR, 2022
HB. Nurjaman and T. Purnama, “Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Sebagai Solusi Energi Terbarukan Rumah Tangga,” Jurnal Edukasi Elektro, 2022.
IGS. Widharma and IN. Sunaya, “Aplikasi Sistem Akuisisi Data Pada Sistem Fire Alarm Berbasis Sistem Mikrokontroller,” Logic. 2017.
IN. Sunaya, IM. Sajayasa, IG. Suputra Widharma, “Analisis Posisi Recloser Terhadap Keandalan Kinerja Penyulang Sempidi Berbasiskan Software ETAP Powerstation,” Matrix. 2017.
M. Supriadi, IN. Sunaya, IGS. Widharma, “Simulasi Pengendalian Kecepatan Putar Ceiling Fan Berbasis Arduino,” Jurnal Vastuwidya, 2019
IGS. Widharma et al., “Integration of IoT and Digital Technologies in Adaptive Lighting Systems to Optimize Microalgae Synthesis,” AJNS. 2025
Bello, O. M., & Zeadally, S. “Toward efficient smartification of the Internet of Things (IoT) services,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.09.083
Jayaraman, P.P., et al., “Internet of Things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons learnt,” Sensors, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111884
IGS. Widharma, AAMD. Anggreni, and IK. Sumadi, “Study on the implementation of the Internet of Things in the sustainable agricultural revolution from upstream to downstream. DTCS. 2024. https://doi.org/10.61126/dtcs.v2i2.48
MS. Mekala & P. Viswanathan, “A Survey: Smart agriculture IoT with cloud computing. International conference on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS), 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMDCS.2017.8211551