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Voltage Control of Inverter for Microgrid Power Enhancement Using PID
Corresponding Author(s) : Reza Maulidin
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 10, No. 2, May 2025
Abstract
An inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), which is crucial in various applications, including solar power systems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and electric motor control. Accurate and stable voltage control of the inverter is essential to ensure the performance and reliability of the system. The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control method is one of the most commonly used control techniques due to its simplicity and effectiveness across different control systems. This study focuses on the implementation of inverter voltage control using a PID controller. The PID controller is designed to regulate the inverter's output voltage, ensuring stability even in the presence of disturbances or load variations. In this research, the mathematical model of the inverter and the PID control system is developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation results demonstrate that the PID controller effectively maintains the inverter's output voltage, providing a rapid transient response with minimal overshoot. The application of the PID controller to the inverter also shows improvements in system stability and a reduction in steady-state error. Furthermore, precise tuning of the PID parameters is a key factor in achieving optimal control performance. This research makes a significant contribution to the field of inverter control by demonstrating the effectiveness of the PID controller in regulating the inverter's output voltage. The practical implementation of PID controllers on inverters is expected to enhance the efficiency and reliability of power systems that utilize inverters.
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- T. Jin, X. Shen, T. Su, and R. C. C. Flesch, “Model Predictive Voltage Control Based on Finite Control Set with Computation Time Delay Compensation for PV Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 330–338, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2018.2876619.
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- Z. Zhou, X. Li, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, G. Shen, and X. Wu, “Stability Blind-Area-Free Control Design for Microgrid-Interfaced Voltage Source Inverters under Dual-Mode Operation,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 12555–12569, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2988565.
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- S. Ghosh and S. Chattopadhyay, “Three-loop-based universal control architecture for decentralized operation of multiple inverters in an autonomous grid-interactive microgrid,” IEEE Trans Ind Appl, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1966–1979, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2964746.
- M. M. Hashempour, M. Y. Yang, and T. L. Lee, “An Adaptive Control of DPWM for Clamped-Three-Level Photovoltaic Inverters with Unbalanced Neutral-Point Voltage,” in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Nov. 2018, pp. 6133–6148. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2849062.
- R. O. Pratama, M. Effendy, and Z. Zulfatman, “Optimization of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Using P&O-Fuzzy and IC-Fuzzy Algorithms on Photovoltaic,” Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, pp. 119–134, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v3i2.200.
- A. Kusmantoro, A. Priyadi, V. L. Budiharto Putri, and M. Hery Purnomo, “Coordinated Control of Battery Energy Storage System Based on Fuzzy Logic for Microgrid with Modified AC Coupling Configuration,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 495–510, 2021, doi: 10.22266/ijies2021.0430.45.
References
T. Jin, X. Shen, T. Su, and R. C. C. Flesch, “Model Predictive Voltage Control Based on Finite Control Set with Computation Time Delay Compensation for PV Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 330–338, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2018.2876619.
Z. Wang, Y. Yan, J. Yang, S. Li, and Q. Li, “Robust Voltage Regulation of a DC-AC Inverter with Load Variations via a HDOBC Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 1172–1176, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2018.2872330.
O. Ceylan, S. Paudyal, and I. Pisica, “Nodal Sensitivity-Based Smart Inverter Control for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Feeder,” IEEE J Photovolt, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1105–1113, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2021.3070416.
C. Yuan, X. Zhou, and Y. Ma, “DC Bus Voltage Control of Wind Power Inverter Based on First-Order LADRC,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 3263–3274, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3138274.
G. Ding et al., “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control of Two-Stage Photovoltaic Inverter during Low Voltage Ride-Through Operation,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 4182–4194, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2469603.
N. Zhao, G. Wang, D. Xu, L. Zhu, G. Zhang, and J. Huo, “Inverter Power Control Based on DC-Link Voltage Regulation for IPMSM Drives Without Electrolytic Capacitors,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 558–571, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2670623.
S. Y. M. Mousavi, A. Jalilian, M. Savaghebi, and J. M. Guerrero, “Autonomous Control of Current-and Voltage-Controlled DG Interface Inverters for Reactive Power Sharing and Harmonics Compensation in Islanded Microgrids,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 9375–9386, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2792780.
I. Sadeghkhani, M. E. H. Golshan, J. M. Guerrero, and A. Mehrizi-Sani, “A Current Limiting Strategy to Improve Fault Ride-Through of Inverter Interfaced Autonomous Microgrids,” IEEE Trans Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2138–2148, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2517201.
J. Schiffer, T. Seel, J. Raisch, and T. Sezi, “Voltage Stability and Reactive Power Sharing in Inverter-Based Microgrids with Consensus-Based Distributed Voltage Control,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 96–109, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TCST.2015.2420622.
K. Tian, B. Wu, M. Narimani, D. Xu, Z. Cheng, and N. R. Zargari, “A capacitor voltage-balancing method for nested neutral point clamped (NNPC) Inverter,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 2575–2583, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2438779.
L. Zhang, K. Sun, M. Gu, D. Xu, and Y. Gu, “A capacitor voltage balancing control method for five-level full-bridge grid-tied inverters without split-capacitor voltage sampling,” IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2042–2052, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2017.2785819.
X. Zhou and S. Lu, “A novel inverter-side current control method of LCL-Filtered inverters based on high-pass- filtered capacitor voltage feedforward,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 16528–16538, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2967122.
R. Guzman, L. G. De Vicuna, M. Castilla, J. Miret, and H. Martin, “Variable structure control in natural frame for three-phase grid-connected inverters with LCL filter,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 4512–4522, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2723638.
H. A. Young, V. A. Marin, C. Pesce, and J. Rodriguez, “Simple Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control of Grid-Forming Inverters with LCL Filters,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 81246–81256, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2991396.
Z. Zhou, X. Li, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, G. Shen, and X. Wu, “Stability Blind-Area-Free Control Design for Microgrid-Interfaced Voltage Source Inverters under Dual-Mode Operation,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 12555–12569, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2988565.
Y. Zhu and J. Fei, “Disturbance Observer Based Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of PV Grid Connected Inverter,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 21202–21211, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2825678.
R. J. Wai, Y. F. Lin, and Y. K. Liu, “Design of Adaptive Fuzzy-Neural-Network Control for a Single-Stage Boost Inverter,” IEEE Trans Power Electron, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 7282–7298, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2396891.
S. Ghosh and S. Chattopadhyay, “Three-loop-based universal control architecture for decentralized operation of multiple inverters in an autonomous grid-interactive microgrid,” IEEE Trans Ind Appl, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 1966–1979, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2964746.
M. M. Hashempour, M. Y. Yang, and T. L. Lee, “An Adaptive Control of DPWM for Clamped-Three-Level Photovoltaic Inverters with Unbalanced Neutral-Point Voltage,” in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Nov. 2018, pp. 6133–6148. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2018.2849062.
R. O. Pratama, M. Effendy, and Z. Zulfatman, “Optimization of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Using P&O-Fuzzy and IC-Fuzzy Algorithms on Photovoltaic,” Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, pp. 119–134, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v3i2.200.
A. Kusmantoro, A. Priyadi, V. L. Budiharto Putri, and M. Hery Purnomo, “Coordinated Control of Battery Energy Storage System Based on Fuzzy Logic for Microgrid with Modified AC Coupling Configuration,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 495–510, 2021, doi: 10.22266/ijies2021.0430.45.