This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
PID Controller Implementation on Animal Experimental Treadmill for Heart Medicine Purpose
Corresponding Author(s) : Melinda Melinda
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 8, No. 4, November 2023
Abstract
Experimental animals such as rats are often used for medical research and therapy, such as cardiologists who use a special treadmill to measure the heart health of rats by training walking or running in order to determine the appropriate dose for individuals before being applied to their patients. This research designed a system that is operated by the speed of a DC motor. To control the system, it is proposed to implement a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control that is able to stabilize the rotation of the DC motor based on the BPM value recorded by the encoder sensor. The value is used as feedback to the PID control, so that it can control the speed of the DC motor and work optimally and stably under load or no load. Adding a limit switch as a fatigue zone to determine the final duration. This system was tested on several objects, namely 4-month-old rats with a mass of 211 grams, 224 grams, 230 grams, and 240 grams and 2-month-old rats with a mass of 24 grams, 27 grams, 28 grams, and 30 grams. The results show that the speed reading using PID control is in accordance with the constants Kp = 17, Ki = 7, and Kd = 1. This test has a percentage overshoot (%) of 5% and an average rise time value of 0.14 seconds. System performance with a percentage accuracy of 90% starting from a setpoint of 35 m/min.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- K. Mohammed, “Design of Optimized PID Controller Based on ABC Algorithm for Buckconverters with Uncertainties,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 4040–4059, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94907
- A. Kashef and M. Ashourifar, "Designing and developing a compartment to use the Human Treadmill as a Rat’s Treadmill," Journal of Advanced Sport Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-29, 2018.
- A. H. Maray, O. I. Alsaif, and K. H. Tanoon, “Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Medical Auditory System of Distortion Otoacoustic Using Microcontroller,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1068–1077, 2022.
- E. H. Flaieh, H. G. Kamil, S. H. Bakhy, and M. A. Jabbar, “Design and Analysis of Multi-Finger Robotic Hand,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 988–1005, 2021.
- S. Y. A. Mounis, N. Z. Azlan, and H. Zakia, “Design and Control of a Robotic Device for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Therapy,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1306–1327, 2022.
- M. H. Bhuyan and M. Hasan, “Design and simulation of heartbeat measurement system using Arduino microcontroller in proteus,” International Journal of Biomedical and Biological Engineering, vol. 14, no.10, October, 2020.
- E. A. Z. Hamidi, M. R. Effendi, and F. Ramdani, “Heart Rate Monitoring System Based on Website,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1402, no. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/4/044003
- Y. Bei, et.al., “Animal Exercise Studies in Cardiovascular Research: Current Knowledge and Optimal Design—A Position Paper of The Committee on Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chinese Medical Doctors’ Association,” J. Sport Heal. Sci., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 660–674, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.08.002
- D. C. Poole et al., “Guidelines for Animal Exercise and Training Protocols for Cardiovascular Studies,” Am. J. Physiol. - Hear. Circ. Physiol., vol. 318, no. 5, pp. H1100–H1138, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2019
- I. M. Chew, F. H. Juwono, and W. K. Wong, “GA-Based Optimization for Multivariable Level Control System: A Case Study of Multi-Tank System,” Eng. J., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 25–41, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2022.26.5.25
- A. Latif, A. Z. Arfianto, H. A. Widodo, R. Rahim, and E. T. Helmy, “Motor DC PID System Regulator for Mini Conveyor Drive Based-on Matlab,” J. Robot. Control, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 185–190, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.1636
- Y. Heryanita, et.al., “The Value of Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit of Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke and Given Red Watermelon Extract (Citrullus vulgaris),” J. Med. Vet., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 24–31, 2018. https://doi.org/10.21157/j.med.vet..v12i1.4106
- F. Rochner, A. Schmitt, A. L. Brandle, A. Fragasso, and B. Munz, “The ROS Scavenger PDTC Affects Adaptation to Treadmill Running in Mice: Distinct Effects on Murine Body Mass, Resting Heart Rate and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type Composition,” J. Exp. Biol., vol. 224, no. 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.234237
- W. Wang, et.al., “Treadmill Exercise Alleviates Neuronal Damage by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome and Microglial Activation in The MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease,” Brain Res. Bull., vol. 174, no. June, pp. 349–358, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.024
- Y. J. Kim, H. J. Kim, W. J. Lee, and J. K. Seong, “A Comparison of The Metabolic Effects of Treadmill and Wheel Running Exercise in Mouse Model,” Lab. Anim. Res., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-019-0035-8
- Y. Tamura, E. Jee, K. Kouzaki, T. Kotani, and K. Nakazato, “Effects of Endurance Training on The Expression of Host Proteins Involved in SARS-Cov-2 Cell Entry in C57BL/6J Mouse,” Physiol. Rep., vol. 9, no. 17, pp. 1–11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15014
- L. I. Al Asoom, “Coronary Angiogenic Effect of Long-Term Administration of Nigella Sativa,” BMC Complement. Altern. Med., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1795-z
- D. Irawan, D. Setiawan, and M. Yetri, “Simulation of Electric Treadmill Tools for Body Fitness with Microcontroller-Based PWM Techniques”. Journal of Science and Social Research, vol. 4307, no. August, pp. 128–137, 2020. https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v3i2.432
- Triyanto Didit, et.al. “Dc Motor Rotation Stability Setting with PID Control,” vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–6. 2020.
- Rosalina, I. Qosim, and M. Mujirudin, “DC Motor Speed Regulation Analysis Using PID Control (Proportional Integral Derivative),” Semin. Nas. TEKNOKA, vol. 2, no. 2502–8782, pp. 89–94, 2017.
- F. Suryatini and A. Firasanti, “P, PI and PID controls on dc motor speed regulation with ziegler-nichols tuning,” JREC J. Electr. Electron, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65–80, 2018.
- G. Phanomchoeng and R. Chancharoen, “Hybrid motor system for high precision position control of a heavy load plant,” Eng. J., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 161–173, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2019.23.6.161
- Q. Bu, J. Cai, Y. Liu, M. Cao, L Dong, R. Ruan and H. Mao, “The effect of fuzzy PID temperature control on Thermal behavior analysis and kinetics study of biomass microwave pyrolysis,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 158, pp. 1-8, Sept. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105176
- Peerzada, W. H. Larik, and A. A. Mahar, “DC Motor Speed Control Through Arduino and L298N Motor Driver Using PID Controller,” Int. J. Electr. Eng. Emerg. Technol., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 21–24, 2021.
- W. M. Elsrogy, N. K. Bahgaat, M. El Sayed, and M. M. Hassan, “Speed Control of DC Motor Using PID Controller Based on Changed Intelligence Techniques,” Int. J. Swarm Intell. Evol. Comput. vol. 07, pp. 8–11, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2090-4908.1000163
References
K. Mohammed, “Design of Optimized PID Controller Based on ABC Algorithm for Buckconverters with Uncertainties,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 4040–4059, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94907
A. Kashef and M. Ashourifar, "Designing and developing a compartment to use the Human Treadmill as a Rat’s Treadmill," Journal of Advanced Sport Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-29, 2018.
A. H. Maray, O. I. Alsaif, and K. H. Tanoon, “Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Medical Auditory System of Distortion Otoacoustic Using Microcontroller,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1068–1077, 2022.
E. H. Flaieh, H. G. Kamil, S. H. Bakhy, and M. A. Jabbar, “Design and Analysis of Multi-Finger Robotic Hand,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 988–1005, 2021.
S. Y. A. Mounis, N. Z. Azlan, and H. Zakia, “Design and Control of a Robotic Device for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Therapy,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1306–1327, 2022.
M. H. Bhuyan and M. Hasan, “Design and simulation of heartbeat measurement system using Arduino microcontroller in proteus,” International Journal of Biomedical and Biological Engineering, vol. 14, no.10, October, 2020.
E. A. Z. Hamidi, M. R. Effendi, and F. Ramdani, “Heart Rate Monitoring System Based on Website,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1402, no. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/4/044003
Y. Bei, et.al., “Animal Exercise Studies in Cardiovascular Research: Current Knowledge and Optimal Design—A Position Paper of The Committee on Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chinese Medical Doctors’ Association,” J. Sport Heal. Sci., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 660–674, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.08.002
D. C. Poole et al., “Guidelines for Animal Exercise and Training Protocols for Cardiovascular Studies,” Am. J. Physiol. - Hear. Circ. Physiol., vol. 318, no. 5, pp. H1100–H1138, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2019
I. M. Chew, F. H. Juwono, and W. K. Wong, “GA-Based Optimization for Multivariable Level Control System: A Case Study of Multi-Tank System,” Eng. J., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 25–41, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2022.26.5.25
A. Latif, A. Z. Arfianto, H. A. Widodo, R. Rahim, and E. T. Helmy, “Motor DC PID System Regulator for Mini Conveyor Drive Based-on Matlab,” J. Robot. Control, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 185–190, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18196/jrc.1636
Y. Heryanita, et.al., “The Value of Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, and Hematocrit of Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke and Given Red Watermelon Extract (Citrullus vulgaris),” J. Med. Vet., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 24–31, 2018. https://doi.org/10.21157/j.med.vet..v12i1.4106
F. Rochner, A. Schmitt, A. L. Brandle, A. Fragasso, and B. Munz, “The ROS Scavenger PDTC Affects Adaptation to Treadmill Running in Mice: Distinct Effects on Murine Body Mass, Resting Heart Rate and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type Composition,” J. Exp. Biol., vol. 224, no. 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.234237
W. Wang, et.al., “Treadmill Exercise Alleviates Neuronal Damage by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome and Microglial Activation in The MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease,” Brain Res. Bull., vol. 174, no. June, pp. 349–358, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.024
Y. J. Kim, H. J. Kim, W. J. Lee, and J. K. Seong, “A Comparison of The Metabolic Effects of Treadmill and Wheel Running Exercise in Mouse Model,” Lab. Anim. Res., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-019-0035-8
Y. Tamura, E. Jee, K. Kouzaki, T. Kotani, and K. Nakazato, “Effects of Endurance Training on The Expression of Host Proteins Involved in SARS-Cov-2 Cell Entry in C57BL/6J Mouse,” Physiol. Rep., vol. 9, no. 17, pp. 1–11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15014
L. I. Al Asoom, “Coronary Angiogenic Effect of Long-Term Administration of Nigella Sativa,” BMC Complement. Altern. Med., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1795-z
D. Irawan, D. Setiawan, and M. Yetri, “Simulation of Electric Treadmill Tools for Body Fitness with Microcontroller-Based PWM Techniques”. Journal of Science and Social Research, vol. 4307, no. August, pp. 128–137, 2020. https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v3i2.432
Triyanto Didit, et.al. “Dc Motor Rotation Stability Setting with PID Control,” vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–6. 2020.
Rosalina, I. Qosim, and M. Mujirudin, “DC Motor Speed Regulation Analysis Using PID Control (Proportional Integral Derivative),” Semin. Nas. TEKNOKA, vol. 2, no. 2502–8782, pp. 89–94, 2017.
F. Suryatini and A. Firasanti, “P, PI and PID controls on dc motor speed regulation with ziegler-nichols tuning,” JREC J. Electr. Electron, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65–80, 2018.
G. Phanomchoeng and R. Chancharoen, “Hybrid motor system for high precision position control of a heavy load plant,” Eng. J., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 161–173, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2019.23.6.161
Q. Bu, J. Cai, Y. Liu, M. Cao, L Dong, R. Ruan and H. Mao, “The effect of fuzzy PID temperature control on Thermal behavior analysis and kinetics study of biomass microwave pyrolysis,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 158, pp. 1-8, Sept. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105176
Peerzada, W. H. Larik, and A. A. Mahar, “DC Motor Speed Control Through Arduino and L298N Motor Driver Using PID Controller,” Int. J. Electr. Eng. Emerg. Technol., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 21–24, 2021.
W. M. Elsrogy, N. K. Bahgaat, M. El Sayed, and M. M. Hassan, “Speed Control of DC Motor Using PID Controller Based on Changed Intelligence Techniques,” Int. J. Swarm Intell. Evol. Comput. vol. 07, pp. 8–11, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2090-4908.1000163