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The Design of DC Micro Grid with a Load-Based Battery Discharge Method for Remote Island Electrification Utilizes Marine Currents and Solar Photovoltaic
Corresponding Author(s) : Faanzir
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 7, No. 4, November 2022
Abstract
This paper presents the design of DC micro grid with a load-based battery discharge method for remote island electrification utilising marine currents and solar photovoltaic. To anticipate the intermittent, a load-based battery discharge method is proposed. A centralized battery storage is sized according to the unfilled load demand by the marine current and the solar PV. Thus, the length of the turbine diameter is varied to meet the optimum system size. Hourly data of marine current speed from Cipalulu Strait in Maluku, Indonesia is provided. Data at a typical time, shows that the marine current peak power occurs every 6 hours perday, whereas the PV is at noon. The loads divide into 6 categories, including household 1, household 2, villagse office, school, mosque, and public health center with the peak demand as 112 kW and 856 kWh perday. All loads, mainly for lightings and electronic equipment work in 24 V DC through converters. The distribution network employs 320 V DC connecting from the power plan to the community residents. Simulations demonstrate that the battery size, solar PV, and turbine radius matches to meet the loads. Simulations also show that the battery utilization meets its current and capacity, meaning that an optimum size and filling the load profile can be smoothly conducted.
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- Faanzir, Soedibyo, and M. Ashari, “Emission abatement cost analysis of hybrid marine current/photovoltaic/diesel system operation,” Proc. - 2017 Int. Semin. Appl. Technol. Inf. Commun. Empower. Technol. a Better Hum. Life, iSemantic 2017, vol. 2018-Janua, pp. 248–252, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2017.8251878.
- M. Z. Z. Muhtadi, Soedibyo, and M. Ashari, “Penetration of Photovoltaic-Synchronous Diesel Generator Systems without Storage for Isolated Area,” 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICOMITEE.2019.8921203.
- R. O. Pratama, M. Effendy, and Z. Zulfatman, “Optimization of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Using P&O-Fuzzy and IC-Fuzzy Algorithms on Photovoltaic,” Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Network, Comput. Electron. Control, 2018, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v3i2.200.
- H. Zsiborács et al., “Intermittent renewable energy sources: The role of energy storage in the european power system of 2040,” Electron., vol. 8, no. 7, 2019, doi: 10.3390/electronics8070729.
- Z. W. J. Al-Shammari, M. M. Azizan, and A. S. F. Rahman, “Grid-independent pv-wind-diesel generator hybrid renewable energy system for a medium population: A case study,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 92–106, 2021.
- A. Maimó-Far, A. Tantet, V. Homar, and P. Drobinski, “Predictable and unpredictable climate variability impacts on optimal renewable energy mixes: The example of Spain,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 19, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13195132.
- J. Olmedo-González, G. Ramos-Sánchez, E. P. Garduño-Ruiz, and R. de G. González-Huerta, “Analysis of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic—Marine Current Hybrid System and the Influence on Daily and Seasonal Energy Storage,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15020468.
- D. Parra et al., “An interdisciplinary review of energy storage for communities: Challenges and perspectives,” Renew. Sust. Eerg. Rev., vol. 79, no. March, pp. 730–749, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.003.
- Asian Development association, Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System, no. December. 2018.
- T. Taufik, “The DC House project: An alternate solution for rural electrification,” Proc. 4th IEEE Glob. Humanit. Technol. Conf. GHTC 2014, pp. 174–179, 2014, doi: 10.1109/GHTC.2014.6970278.
- R. Weiss, L. Ott, and U. Boeke, “Energy efficient low-voltage DC-grids for commercial buildings,” 2015, doi: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152030.
- S. H. Song, S. Il Kang, and N. K. Hahm, “Implementation and control of grid connected AC-DC-AC power converter for variable speed wind energy conversion system,” in Conference Proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC, 2003, vol. 1, doi: 10.1109/apec.2003.1179207.
- O. Lopez-Santos, “Contribution to the DC-AC conversion in photovoltaic systems: Module oriented converters,” Citeseer, 2015.
- S. Kolsi, H. Samet, and M. Ben Amar, “Design Analysis of DC-DC Converters Connected to a Photovoltaic Generator and Controlled by MPPT for Optimal Energy Transfer throughout a Clear Day,” J. Power Energy Eng., vol. 02, no. 01, 2014, doi: 10.4236/jpee.2014.21004.
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- J. Eum and Y. Kim, “Analysis on operation modes of residential BESS with balcony-PV for apartment houses in Korea,” Sustain., vol. 13, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13010311.
- P. Fairley, “DC versus AC: The second war of currents has already begun [in my view],” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 10, no. 6. 2012, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2012.2212617.
- F. N. Budiman and M. R. Ramadhani, “Total Harmonic Distortion Comparison between Sinusoidal PWM Inverter and Multilevel Inverter in Solar Panel,” Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Network, Comput. Electron. Control, 2018, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v3i3.617.
- F. Novico, E. H. Sudjono, A. Egon, D. Menier, M. Methew, and M. B. Pratama, “Tidal current energy resources assessment in the patinti strait, indonesia,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 517–525, 2021, doi: 10.14710/ijred.2021.35003.
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- Faanzir, Soedibyo, and M. Ashari, “Optimum sizing of marine current/PV/battery hybrid power system for isolated island minigrid,” in Proceedings - 2017 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication: Empowering Technology for a Better Human Life, iSemantic 2017, 2017, vol. 2018-January, doi: 10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2017.8251875.
- I. U. vistalina Simanjuntak, H. Heryanto, Y. Rahmawaty, and T. Manurung, “Performance Analysis of VRLA Battery for DC Load at Telecommunication Base Station,” ELKHA, vol. 13, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.26418/elkha.v13i2.49202.
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- J. D. Paez, D. Frey, J. Maneiro, S. Bacha, and P. Dworakowski, “Overview of DC-DC Converters Dedicated to HVdc Grids,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 34, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2846408.
References
Faanzir, Soedibyo, and M. Ashari, “Emission abatement cost analysis of hybrid marine current/photovoltaic/diesel system operation,” Proc. - 2017 Int. Semin. Appl. Technol. Inf. Commun. Empower. Technol. a Better Hum. Life, iSemantic 2017, vol. 2018-Janua, pp. 248–252, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2017.8251878.
M. Z. Z. Muhtadi, Soedibyo, and M. Ashari, “Penetration of Photovoltaic-Synchronous Diesel Generator Systems without Storage for Isolated Area,” 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICOMITEE.2019.8921203.
R. O. Pratama, M. Effendy, and Z. Zulfatman, “Optimization of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Using P&O-Fuzzy and IC-Fuzzy Algorithms on Photovoltaic,” Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Network, Comput. Electron. Control, 2018, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v3i2.200.
H. Zsiborács et al., “Intermittent renewable energy sources: The role of energy storage in the european power system of 2040,” Electron., vol. 8, no. 7, 2019, doi: 10.3390/electronics8070729.
Z. W. J. Al-Shammari, M. M. Azizan, and A. S. F. Rahman, “Grid-independent pv-wind-diesel generator hybrid renewable energy system for a medium population: A case study,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 92–106, 2021.
A. Maimó-Far, A. Tantet, V. Homar, and P. Drobinski, “Predictable and unpredictable climate variability impacts on optimal renewable energy mixes: The example of Spain,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 19, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13195132.
J. Olmedo-González, G. Ramos-Sánchez, E. P. Garduño-Ruiz, and R. de G. González-Huerta, “Analysis of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic—Marine Current Hybrid System and the Influence on Daily and Seasonal Energy Storage,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15020468.
D. Parra et al., “An interdisciplinary review of energy storage for communities: Challenges and perspectives,” Renew. Sust. Eerg. Rev., vol. 79, no. March, pp. 730–749, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.003.
Asian Development association, Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System, no. December. 2018.
T. Taufik, “The DC House project: An alternate solution for rural electrification,” Proc. 4th IEEE Glob. Humanit. Technol. Conf. GHTC 2014, pp. 174–179, 2014, doi: 10.1109/GHTC.2014.6970278.
R. Weiss, L. Ott, and U. Boeke, “Energy efficient low-voltage DC-grids for commercial buildings,” 2015, doi: 10.1109/ICDCM.2015.7152030.
S. H. Song, S. Il Kang, and N. K. Hahm, “Implementation and control of grid connected AC-DC-AC power converter for variable speed wind energy conversion system,” in Conference Proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC, 2003, vol. 1, doi: 10.1109/apec.2003.1179207.
O. Lopez-Santos, “Contribution to the DC-AC conversion in photovoltaic systems: Module oriented converters,” Citeseer, 2015.
S. Kolsi, H. Samet, and M. Ben Amar, “Design Analysis of DC-DC Converters Connected to a Photovoltaic Generator and Controlled by MPPT for Optimal Energy Transfer throughout a Clear Day,” J. Power Energy Eng., vol. 02, no. 01, 2014, doi: 10.4236/jpee.2014.21004.
G. D. P. da Silva and D. A. C. Branco, “Modelling distributed photovoltaic system with and without battery storage: A case study in Belem, northern Brazil,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 17, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2018.02.009.
J. Eum and Y. Kim, “Analysis on operation modes of residential BESS with balcony-PV for apartment houses in Korea,” Sustain., vol. 13, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13010311.
P. Fairley, “DC versus AC: The second war of currents has already begun [in my view],” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 10, no. 6. 2012, doi: 10.1109/MPE.2012.2212617.
F. N. Budiman and M. R. Ramadhani, “Total Harmonic Distortion Comparison between Sinusoidal PWM Inverter and Multilevel Inverter in Solar Panel,” Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Network, Comput. Electron. Control, 2018, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v3i3.617.
F. Novico, E. H. Sudjono, A. Egon, D. Menier, M. Methew, and M. B. Pratama, “Tidal current energy resources assessment in the patinti strait, indonesia,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 517–525, 2021, doi: 10.14710/ijred.2021.35003.
N. B. M. Yusof and A. Bin Baharuddin, “The study of output current in photovoltaics cell in series and parallel connections,” Int. J. Technol. Innov. Humanit., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–12, 2020, doi: 10.29210/88701.
N. Odkhuu, K. B. Lee, M. A. Ahmed, and Y. C. Kim, “Optimal energy management of V2B with RES and ESS for peak load minimization,” Appl. Sci., vol. 8, no. 11, 2018, doi: 10.3390/app8112125.
Faanzir, Soedibyo, and M. Ashari, “Optimum sizing of marine current/PV/battery hybrid power system for isolated island minigrid,” in Proceedings - 2017 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication: Empowering Technology for a Better Human Life, iSemantic 2017, 2017, vol. 2018-January, doi: 10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2017.8251875.
I. U. vistalina Simanjuntak, H. Heryanto, Y. Rahmawaty, and T. Manurung, “Performance Analysis of VRLA Battery for DC Load at Telecommunication Base Station,” ELKHA, vol. 13, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.26418/elkha.v13i2.49202.
Z. Šimić, G. Knežević, D. Topić, and D. Pelin, “Battery energy storage technologies overview,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Systems, vol. 12, no. 1. 2021, doi: 10.32985/IJECES.12.1.6.
J. D. Paez, D. Frey, J. Maneiro, S. Bacha, and P. Dworakowski, “Overview of DC-DC Converters Dedicated to HVdc Grids,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 34, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2846408.