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Performance Evaluation of LoRa in Farm Irrigation System with Internet of Things
Corresponding Author(s) : Kurniawan Dwi Irianto
Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control,
Vol. 7, No. 4, November 2022
Abstract
Long Range (LoRa) Communication is one of the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and has been widely discussed by researchers. LoRa is also part of the Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology where this technology focuses on communication systems on energy efficiency, wide coverage, low data rates, and long battery life. LoRa uses industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio frequencies. These frequencies can be used for free without paying for a license. Theoretically and under ideal conditions, the LoRa range can reach < 3 km in urban areas and > 3 km in rural areas. However, only a few studies discuss the evaluation and analysis of LoRa performance, which is implemented in the real world with particular case studies. This article aims to evaluate and analyze the performance of LoRa, which is applied to a case study of an IoT-based agricultural irrigation system. Several parameters will be assessed and analyzed, including distance, received signal strength indication (RSSI), spreading factor, coding rate, power transmission, and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Experimental and measurement results show that LoRa can transmit data packets up to a distance of 2.5 km but with a very low PDR rate of around 5-7%. The results also show that LoRa can work optimally if the distance is > 1 km with a PDR rate of about 70-100%.
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References
M. Misbahuddin, M. S. Iqbal, D. F. Budiman, G. W. Wiriasto, and L. A. S. I. Akbar, “EAM-LoRaNet: Energy Aware Multi-hop LoRa Network for Internet of Things,” Kinet. Game Technol. Inf. Syst. Comput. Network, Comput. Electron. Control, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 81–90, 2022, doi: 10.22219/kinetik.v7i1.1391.
L. Li, J. Ren, and Q. Zhu, “On the application of LoRa LPWAN technology in Sailing Monitoring System,” 2017 13th Annu. Conf. Wirel. On-Demand Netw. Syst. Serv. WONS 2017 - Proc., pp. 77–80, 2017, doi: 10.1109/WONS.2017.7888762.
Q. Zhou, K. Zheng, L. Hou, J. Xing, and R. Xu, “Design and implementation of open LORa for IoT,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 100649–100657, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2930243.
B. S. Chaudhari, M. Zennaro, and S. Borkar, “LPWAN technologies: Emerging application characteristics, requirements, and design considerations,” Futur. Internet, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.3390/fi12030046.
Y. Song, J. Lin, M. Tang, and S. Dong, “An Internet of Energy Things Based on Wireless LPWAN,” Engineering, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 460–466, 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.04.011.
K. Mekki, E. Bajic, F. Chaxel, and F. Meyer, “A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment,” ICT Express, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005.
Y. Yang, “Design and Application of Intelligent Agriculture Service System with LoRa-based on Wireless Sensor Network,” Proc. - 2020 Int. Conf. Comput. Eng. Appl. ICCEA 2020, pp. 712–716, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICCEA50009.2020.00155.
V. P. Kour and S. Arora, “Recent Developments of the Internet of Things in Agriculture: A Survey,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 129924–129957, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009298.
T. Anandhakrishnan, S. M. Jaisakthi, and Lohotsaurabh, “Internet of things in agriculture-survey,” J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci., vol. 15, no. 6–7, pp. 2405–2409, 2018, doi: 10.1166/jctn.2018.7478.
A. Kapoor, A., Bhat, S. I., Shidnal, S., & Mehra, “Implementation of loT ( Internet of Things ) and Image Processing In,” Int. Conf. Comput. Syst. Inf. Syst. Sustain. Solut., pp. 21–26, 2016.
A. Khanna and S. Kaur, “Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its significant impact in the field of Precision Agriculture,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 157, no. December 2018, pp. 218–231, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.039.
A. D. Boursianis et al., “Internet of Things (IoT) and Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review,” Internet of Things (Netherlands), vol. 18, no. xxxx, p. 100187, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100187.
A. Castañeda-Miranda and V. M. Castaño-Meneses, “Internet of things for smart farming and frost intelligent control in greenhouses,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 176, no. June, p. 105614, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105614.
S. Terence and G. Purushothaman, “Systematic review of Internet of Things in smart farming,” Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1–34, 2020, doi: 10.1002/ett.3958.
K. D. Irianto, “Design of Smart Farm Irrigation Monitoring System Using IoT and LoRA,” RESTI, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 47–56, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.29207/resti.v6i1.3707.
M. D. Syamsiar, M. Rivai, and S. Suwito, “Rancang Bangun Sistem Irigasi Tanaman Otomatis Menggunakan Wireless Sensor Network,” J. Tek. ITS, vol. 5, no. 2, 2016, doi: 10.12962/j23373539.v5i2.16512.
J. Setyowati, I., Novianto, D., Pamungkas, “Desain dan Implementasi Internet of Things untuk Smart Agriculture Irrigation,” in Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Berkesinambungan Di Kawasan Gunung Berapi, 2019, pp. 5–8, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.untidar.ac.id/index.php/lppmpmp/article/view/1843.
M. F. Asnawi and F. Syukriasari, “A prototype for IoT based Rice Field Irrigation System,” SinkrOn, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 260, 2019, doi: 10.33395/sinkron.v3i2.10071.
R. Siskandar, M. A. Fadhil, B. R. Kusumah, I. Irmansyah, and I. Irzaman, “Internet of Things: Automatic Plant Watering System Using Android,” J. Tek. Pertan. Lampung (Journal Agric. Eng., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 297, 2020, doi: 10.23960/jtep-l.v9i4.297-310.
N. Ismail et al., “Smart irrigation system based on internet of things (IOT),” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1339, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012012.
M. S. Munir, I. S. Bajwa, A. Ashraf, W. Anwar, and R. Rashid, “Intelligent and Smart Irrigation System Using Edge Computing and IoT,” Complexity, vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/6691571.