The Implementation of Ibn al-Haytham’s Method for Determining  Qibla Direction Using Raspberry Pi

W. S. Mada Sanjaya; Akhmad Roziqin; Dyah Anggraeni; Mustafa Mamat

doi:10.22219/kinetik.v7i1.1342

Issue

Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2022

Issue Published : Feb 28, 2022

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The Implementation of Ibn al-Haytham’s Method for Determining Qibla Direction Using Raspberry Pi

https://doi.org/10.22219/kinetik.v7i1.1342

W. S. Mada Sanjaya

UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Akhmad Roziqin

UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Dyah Anggraeni

UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Mustafa Mamat

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Malaysia

Corresponding Author(s) : W. S. Mada Sanjaya

madasws@gmail.com

Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2022
Article Published : Feb 28, 2022

Abstract

Ibn al-Haytham or better known as Alhazen (965-1040 AD) was a great Muslim scientist who mastered many disciplines. One of his works entitled "Qawl fi Samt al-Qibla bi al-Hisab" describes a mathematical method for determining the direction of Qibla. In this paper, Ibn al-Haytham's algorithm is modified, thus the algorithm can determine the Qibla direction on the entire surface of the globe. Then, Ibn al-Haytham's mathematical method is compared with modern spherical trigonometry methods and our previous research using al-Biruni’s method. The computational results show that all methods have the same accuracy, and show that ibn al-Haytham's method is still relevant now. Therefore, the modified ibn al-Haytham method algorithm was implemented to develop a Qibla direction device and interface based on Raspberry Pi 4, GPS module, digital compass, and Processing 3 software. The implementation results show that the device can display the Qibla direction interface according to numerical calculations with high accuracy, real-time, and dynamic interface.

Keywords

Qibla Direction Ibn al-Haytham Spherical trigonometry Raspberry Pi 4 Processing 3

Sanjaya, W. S. M., Roziqin, A., Anggraeni, D., & Mamat, M. (2022). The Implementation of Ibn al-Haytham’s Method for Determining Qibla Direction Using Raspberry Pi. Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.22219/kinetik.v7i1.1342

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References

R. Rashed, Ibn al-Haytham and Analytical Mathematics: A history of Arabic sciences and mathematics Volume 2, vol. 2. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.
J. Ali, The Determination of the Coordinates of Position for Correction of Distances Between Cities, The Translation from the Arabic of al-Biruni’s Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin Litashih Masafat al-Masakin. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1967.
E. S. Kennedy, “A Letter Of Al-Biruni Habash Al-Hisib’s Analemma For The Qibla,” Hist. Math., vol. 1, pp. 3–11, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(74)90161-X
W. S. M. Sanjaya et al., “The Third al-Biruni’s Method for The Determination of Qibla Direction from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin with The Implementation Based on Arduino Board MCU, GPS Module, and Digital Compass,” in 2019 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), Dec. 2019, vol. 2, pp. 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISRITI48646.2019.9034634
W. S. M. Sanjaya et al., “Determining Qibla Direction using al-Biruni’s First Method from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin with the Implementation Based on Board Arduino MCU, GPS Module, and Digital Compass,” Proc. - 2019 Int. Semin. Appl. Technol. Inf. Commun. Ind. 4.0 Retrosp. Prospect. Challenges, iSemantic 2019, pp. 513–518, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2019.8884330
E. S. Kennedy, “Applied Mathematics In The Tenth Century: Abu l-Wafa Calculates The Distance Baghdad-Mecca,” Hist. Math., vol. 11, pp. 193–206, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0315-0860(84)80008-7
A. Moussa, “Mathematical Methods in Abu Al-Wafa’s Almagnest and The Qibla Determinations,” Arab. Sci. Philos., vol. 21, pp. 1–56, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095742391000007X
F. Charette and P. G. Schmidl, “al-Khwarrizmi and Practical Astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad . The Earliest Extant Corpus of Texts in Arabic on the Astrolabe and Other Portable Instruments,” SCIAMVS, vol. 5, pp. 101–198, 2004.
N. G. Hairetdinova, “On spherical trigonometry in the medieval near east and in Europe,” Hist. Math., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 136–146, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(86)90026-1
S. N. I. Ishak, S. Setumin, M. I. F. Maruzuki, and M. S. Sharipudin, “Qibla Determination using Vector Algebra,” in Symposium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research Qibla, 2012, pp. 967–970. https://doi.org/10.1109/SHUSER.2012.6269013
M. Yilmaz, “Historical mosque orientation in Turkey : Central-Western Anatolia Region , 1150 e 1590,” J. Hist. Geogr., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 359–371, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2012.06.002
A. S. Dallal, “Ibn Al-Haytham’s Universal Solution For Finding The Direction Of The Qibla By Calculation,” vol. 5, pp. 145–193, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423900002010
R. K. Schwartz, “Issues in the Origin and Development of Hisab al-Khata’ayn (Calculation by Double False Position),” 2004.
R. K. Schwartz, “Al-Qibla and the New Spherical Trigonometry: The Examples of al-Biruni and al-Marrakushi,” in COMHISMA, 2010, vol. 10.
W. Li, R. Zhang, and H. Lei, “Navigation Switching Strategy-Based SINS/GPS/ADS/DVL Fault-Tolerant Integrated Navigation System,” J. Sensors, vol. 2021, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9943370
Z. Ayop, C. Y. Lin, S. Anawar, E. Hamid, and M. S. Azhar, “Location-aware event attendance system using QR code and GPS technology,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 466–473, 2018. https://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2018.090959
J. A. Jusoh, M. A. F. Ramli, S. I. A. Saany, A. N. M. Rose, Y. A. B. El-Ebiary, and M. H. Yusoff, “Tracing Students Attendance During Covid-19 Pandemic by Applying Location Detection Technology,” Psychol. Educ. J., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 5441–5446, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2159
M. W. Sari, B. Santoso, and M. N. A. Azman, “Implementing Geo Positioning System for Children Tracking Location Monitoring based on Android,” Sci. J. Informatics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 161–167, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15294/sji.v8i1.27436
G. Revathi, B. B. J. Ananth, L. Saravanan, and D. R. Kumar, “Gps Enabled Vehicle Location Identification Using Gsm And Fare Collection Using,” Turkish J. Comput. Math. Educ., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2657–2668, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.4880
M. Thoyfur, “Digitalization of Local Rashdul Qibla By Qibla Diagram,” Al-Hilal J. Islam. Astron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 75–106, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2021.3.1.7697
R. A. Miptahudin, M. A. Risnandar, W. S. Mada Sanjaya, M. Mamat, A. Sambas, and M. A. Mohamed, “Qibla direction correction test using a digital compass and arduino microcontroller,” Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng., vol. 8, no. 2 Special, pp. 228–230, 2019. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1056.0782S719
S. Lubis, P. Harahap, F. I. Pasaribu, W. Septiawan, M. A. Siregar, and I. Siregar, “The Design and Qibla Direction by Using the Hmc 5883 L Sensor as a Compass Rhi in the UMSU Science Laboratory ( OIF ),” BirEx J., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 376–381, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33258/birex.v2i3.1077
M. S. Azzaz and M. A. Krimil, “A New Chaos-based Text Encryption to Secure GPS Data,” in 2018 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies (SaCoNeT), 2018, pp. 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1109/SaCoNeT.2018.8585703
F. Fathurahman, “Learning Innovation of Qibla Direction with Mobile-Based App by Adapting Computational Thinking,” J. Iqra’ Kaji. Ilmu Pendidik., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 211–224, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v6i1.981
F. Fathurahman, “Innovative Development of Mobile Application for Qibla Direction Guidance Services Training,” Ilomata Int. J. Soc. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 88–102, 2020. https://doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v1i3.122
M. Saiful, D. Zain, and B. Bais, “Vector Algebra Qibla Detection In An Indoor, Semi-Open And Outdoor Environment,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1573–1586, 2018.
N. Hajweaming, “Astronomical Calculation of Islamic Times and Qibla Direction,” in Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand, 2002, vol. 33, pp. 1–5.
M. Z. Ibrahim and M. Z. Norashikin, “Mobile Qibla and Prayer Time Finder using PDA and External Digital Compass,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Energ. Electron. Commun. Eng., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 891–896, 2010.
S. Azhari, Ilmu Falak Perjumaan Khazanah Islam dan Sains Modern, 3rd ed. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah, 2011.

References

R. Rashed, Ibn al-Haytham and Analytical Mathematics: A history of Arabic sciences and mathematics Volume 2, vol. 2. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.

J. Ali, The Determination of the Coordinates of Position for Correction of Distances Between Cities, The Translation from the Arabic of al-Biruni’s Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin Litashih Masafat al-Masakin. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1967.

E. S. Kennedy, “A Letter Of Al-Biruni Habash Al-Hisib’s Analemma For The Qibla,” Hist. Math., vol. 1, pp. 3–11, 1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(74)90161-X

W. S. M. Sanjaya et al., “The Third al-Biruni’s Method for The Determination of Qibla Direction from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin with The Implementation Based on Arduino Board MCU, GPS Module, and Digital Compass,” in 2019 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), Dec. 2019, vol. 2, pp. 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISRITI48646.2019.9034634

W. S. M. Sanjaya et al., “Determining Qibla Direction using al-Biruni’s First Method from Kitab Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin with the Implementation Based on Board Arduino MCU, GPS Module, and Digital Compass,” Proc. - 2019 Int. Semin. Appl. Technol. Inf. Commun. Ind. 4.0 Retrosp. Prospect. Challenges, iSemantic 2019, pp. 513–518, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMANTIC.2019.8884330

E. S. Kennedy, “Applied Mathematics In The Tenth Century: Abu l-Wafa Calculates The Distance Baghdad-Mecca,” Hist. Math., vol. 11, pp. 193–206, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0315-0860(84)80008-7

A. Moussa, “Mathematical Methods in Abu Al-Wafa’s Almagnest and The Qibla Determinations,” Arab. Sci. Philos., vol. 21, pp. 1–56, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095742391000007X

F. Charette and P. G. Schmidl, “al-Khwarrizmi and Practical Astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad . The Earliest Extant Corpus of Texts in Arabic on the Astrolabe and Other Portable Instruments,” SCIAMVS, vol. 5, pp. 101–198, 2004.

N. G. Hairetdinova, “On spherical trigonometry in the medieval near east and in Europe,” Hist. Math., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 136–146, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/0315-0860(86)90026-1

S. N. I. Ishak, S. Setumin, M. I. F. Maruzuki, and M. S. Sharipudin, “Qibla Determination using Vector Algebra,” in Symposium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research Qibla, 2012, pp. 967–970. https://doi.org/10.1109/SHUSER.2012.6269013

M. Yilmaz, “Historical mosque orientation in Turkey : Central-Western Anatolia Region , 1150 e 1590,” J. Hist. Geogr., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 359–371, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2012.06.002

A. S. Dallal, “Ibn Al-Haytham’s Universal Solution For Finding The Direction Of The Qibla By Calculation,” vol. 5, pp. 145–193, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423900002010

R. K. Schwartz, “Issues in the Origin and Development of Hisab al-Khata’ayn (Calculation by Double False Position),” 2004.

R. K. Schwartz, “Al-Qibla and the New Spherical Trigonometry: The Examples of al-Biruni and al-Marrakushi,” in COMHISMA, 2010, vol. 10.

W. Li, R. Zhang, and H. Lei, “Navigation Switching Strategy-Based SINS/GPS/ADS/DVL Fault-Tolerant Integrated Navigation System,” J. Sensors, vol. 2021, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9943370

Z. Ayop, C. Y. Lin, S. Anawar, E. Hamid, and M. S. Azhar, “Location-aware event attendance system using QR code and GPS technology,” Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl., vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 466–473, 2018. https://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2018.090959

J. A. Jusoh, M. A. F. Ramli, S. I. A. Saany, A. N. M. Rose, Y. A. B. El-Ebiary, and M. H. Yusoff, “Tracing Students Attendance During Covid-19 Pandemic by Applying Location Detection Technology,” Psychol. Educ. J., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 5441–5446, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.2159

M. W. Sari, B. Santoso, and M. N. A. Azman, “Implementing Geo Positioning System for Children Tracking Location Monitoring based on Android,” Sci. J. Informatics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 161–167, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15294/sji.v8i1.27436

G. Revathi, B. B. J. Ananth, L. Saravanan, and D. R. Kumar, “Gps Enabled Vehicle Location Identification Using Gsm And Fare Collection Using,” Turkish J. Comput. Math. Educ., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 2657–2668, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.4880

M. Thoyfur, “Digitalization of Local Rashdul Qibla By Qibla Diagram,” Al-Hilal J. Islam. Astron., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 75–106, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2021.3.1.7697

R. A. Miptahudin, M. A. Risnandar, W. S. Mada Sanjaya, M. Mamat, A. Sambas, and M. A. Mohamed, “Qibla direction correction test using a digital compass and arduino microcontroller,” Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng., vol. 8, no. 2 Special, pp. 228–230, 2019. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.B1056.0782S719

S. Lubis, P. Harahap, F. I. Pasaribu, W. Septiawan, M. A. Siregar, and I. Siregar, “The Design and Qibla Direction by Using the Hmc 5883 L Sensor as a Compass Rhi in the UMSU Science Laboratory ( OIF ),” BirEx J., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 376–381, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33258/birex.v2i3.1077

M. S. Azzaz and M. A. Krimil, “A New Chaos-based Text Encryption to Secure GPS Data,” in 2018 International Conference on Smart Communications in Network Technologies (SaCoNeT), 2018, pp. 294–299. https://doi.org/10.1109/SaCoNeT.2018.8585703

F. Fathurahman, “Learning Innovation of Qibla Direction with Mobile-Based App by Adapting Computational Thinking,” J. Iqra’ Kaji. Ilmu Pendidik., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 211–224, 2021. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v6i1.981

F. Fathurahman, “Innovative Development of Mobile Application for Qibla Direction Guidance Services Training,” Ilomata Int. J. Soc. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 88–102, 2020. https://doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v1i3.122

M. Saiful, D. Zain, and B. Bais, “Vector Algebra Qibla Detection In An Indoor, Semi-Open And Outdoor Environment,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1573–1586, 2018.

N. Hajweaming, “Astronomical Calculation of Islamic Times and Qibla Direction,” in Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand, 2002, vol. 33, pp. 1–5.

M. Z. Ibrahim and M. Z. Norashikin, “Mobile Qibla and Prayer Time Finder using PDA and External Digital Compass,” World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Energ. Electron. Commun. Eng., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 891–896, 2010.

S. Azhari, Ilmu Falak Perjumaan Khazanah Islam dan Sains Modern, 3rd ed. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah, 2011.

Issue

Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2022

The Implementation of Ibn al-Haytham’s Method for Determining Qibla Direction Using Raspberry Pi

Corresponding Author(s) : W. S. Mada Sanjaya

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